Learn how to read a holdings - portfolio statement

1.5.10 · Stock-Market › Brokerage, Demat & Account Setup

WHY yeh statement exist karti hai?

WHY yeh matter karta hai: Aap shares alag-alag prices par alag-alag dino mein khareedtey ho. Aapka brain track nahi kar sakta "Kya main 15 stocks mein upar hoon ya neeche?" Statement us saari history ko ek per-stock aur ek total jawab mein samait deta hai, taaki aap decide kar sako kya hold, add, ya sell karna hai.

Realised vs Unrealised — yeh important mental split hai:

Unrealised P/L = paper gain/loss un stocks par jo aap abhi bhi own karte ho (yahi holdings statement mein dikhta hai).
Realised P/L = actual booked gain/loss un stocks se jo aap pehle hi bech chuke ho (yeh ek alag "P/L / tradebook" statement mein hota hai, aur isi par aap tax dete ho).

HOW har column banta hai (scratch se derive karo)

Maano aapne ek stock pieces mein kharida. Purchase $i$ ki quantity $q_{i}$ price $p_{i}$ par ho.

1. Total quantity — sirf woh shares jodo jo aapne nahi beche: $Q = \sum_{i} q_{i}$ Kyun? Ownership additive hai; 3 shares + 5 shares = 8 shares.

2. Invested value — woh actual rupaye jo aapke bank se gaye: $Invested = \sum_{i} q_{i} p_{i}$ Kyun? Har lot ki cost $q_{i} p_{i}$ thi; total cost unn sab ka sum hai.

3. Average buy price — ek aisa single price reverse-engineer karo jo wahi total cost de: $\overset{ˉ}{P} = \frac{Invested}{Q} = \frac{\sum _{i} q _{i} p _{i}}{\sum _{i} q _{i}}$ Kyun yeh aur prices ka simple average nahi? Kyunki plain average $\frac{p _{1} + p _{2}}{2}$ ignore karta hai kitne shares aapne har price par khareedey. Sahi average quantity se weighted hota hai — jis lot mein zyada shares khareedey ussi ki pulling zyada honi chahiye.

4. Current value — sab kuch aaj ki market price $M$ par mark karo: $Current = Q \times M$ Kyun? Agar aap abhi saare $Q$ shares becho, toh har ek $M$ milega.

5. Profit / Loss (unrealised): $P/L = Current - Invested = Q (M - \overset{ˉ}{P})$ Kyun factored form $Q (M - \overset{ˉ}{P})$ ? Yeh sach clearly dikhata hai: profit per share $(M - \overset{ˉ}{P})$ hai, shares ki tadaad $Q$ se multiply karo.

6. Return % — gain ko jo aapne risk kiya uss se scale karo: $% Return = \frac{P/L}{Invested} \times 100 = \frac{M - P ˉ}{P ˉ} \times 100$ Kyun invested se divide karo? ₹10,000 par ₹5,000 profit (50%) ₹5,00,000 par ₹5,000 (1%) se kaafi behtar hai. Percentage stocks ko comparable banata hai.

Figure — Learn how to read a holdings - portfolio statement

Worked Example 1 — ek stock, do buys

Aapne TCS kharida:

4 shares @ ₹3,000
6 shares @ ₹3,500 Aaj ki market price = ₹3,800.

Step — Quantity: $Q = 4 + 6 = 10$ . Kyun? Total shares owned. Step — Invested: $4 (3000) + 6 (3500) = 12000 + 21000 = ₹33, 000$ . Kyun? Actual cash kharch hua. Step — Avg price: $\overset{ˉ}{P} = 33000/10 = ₹3, 300$ . Kyun weighted? Aapne zyada shares ₹3,500 par khareedey, isliye avg midpoint ₹3,250 se upar hai. Step — Current value: $10 \times 3800 = ₹38, 000$ . Kyun? Aaj sab becho toh yeh milega. Step — P/L: $38000 - 33000 = + ₹5, 000$ . Ya $10 (3800 - 3300) = ₹5000$ . Kyun match karta hai? Ek hi identity ke do forms hain. Step — Return: $5000/33000 \times 100 = 15.15%$ . Kyun? Har rupaye invested par gain.

Worked Example 2 — ek loss + ek galti pakadna

Aap INFY hold karte ho: 20 shares, avg price ₹1,600, market price ₹1,450.

P/L $= 20 (1450 - 1600) = 20 (- 150) = - ₹3, 000$ . Kyun negative? Market aapki cost se neeche → paper loss. Return $= - 150/1600 \times 100 = - 9.375%$ .

Portfolio total (Ex.1 + Ex.2):

Total invested $= 33000 + 32000 = ₹65, 000$
Total P/L $= 5000 - 3000 = + ₹2, 000$
Portfolio return $= 2000/65000 \times 100 = 3.08%$

LTP, Day change aur doosre columns padhna

Forecast-then-Verify (reveal karne se pehle karo)

Aap 50 shares hold karte ho, avg ₹200, LTP ₹230. Forecast: P/L? Return %?

Recall Reveal

P/L $= 50 (230 - 200) = ₹1, 500$ . Return $= 30/200 \times 100 = 15%$ .

Recall Feynman: ek 12-saal ke bacche ko explain karo

Socho aap toy cars collect karte ho. Kuch aapne ₹10 mein khareedein, kuch ₹20 mein. Aapki "holdings statement" ek chart hai jo batata hai: aapke paas kitni cars hain, aapne average mein kya daam diya, aaj shop mein har ek ki kya value hai, aur agar aap sab becho toh paisa milega ya jaayega. Green number = aap jeetoge, red = haaro ge. Lekin aap tab hi sachchi jeette ho jab aap actually bechte ho — tab tak yeh sirf ek "shayad" hai.

Flashcards

Holdings statement kya dikhata hai — realised ya unrealised P/L?

Unrealised (paper) P/L un stocks par jo aap abhi bhi own karte ho.

Multiple lots ke saath average buy price ka formula?

\overset{ˉ}{P} = \frac{\sum q _{i} p _{i}}{\sum q _{i}}

(quantity-weighted, plain price average nahi).

Average buy price quantity-weighted kyun hai, simple mean kyun nahi?

Kyunki zyada shares wale lot ko aapki true cost par zyada influence karna chahiye.

Unrealised P/L ka factored form mein formula?

P/L = Q (M - \overset{ˉ}{P})

, yani shares × profit-per-share.

Current value formula?

Q \times M

(quantity × last traded price).

Return % kaise compute karte ho?

\frac{M - P ˉ}{P ˉ} \times 100

= P/L ÷ Invested × 100.

LTP ka full form kya hai?

Last Traded Price — current market price jo holdings value karne ke liye use hoti hai.

Day P&L aur Overall P&L mein kya fark hai?

Day P&L kal ka close use karta hai; Overall P&L aapka average buy price use karta hai.

Stocks mein portfolio return kaise nikalte ho?

Total P/L ÷ Total Invested × 100 (value-weighted, % returns ka average NAHI).

Unrealised profit real money kab banta hai?

Tab hi jab aap shares becho (tab yeh realised P/L ban jaata hai, aur taxable hota hai).

Connections

Realised vs Unrealised Profit and Loss
Demat Account Basics
Weighted Average and Averaging Down
Capital Gains Tax — Short vs Long Term
Contract Note and Tradebook
Order Types — Market vs Limit